Skull Sinuses Facial Bones Anatomy

Cranial Bones

Frontal | Parietal | Temporal | Occipital | Sphenoid | Ethmoid

Facial Bones

Maxilla | Zygoma | Nasal Bones | Lacrimal | Palatine | Inferior Nasal Conchae | Mandible | Vomer

Sinuses

Frontal | Ethmoid | Maxillary | Sphenoid

Landmarks

Glabella | Nasion | Acanthion | EAM | OML | IOML | IPL


Skull

PA Skull

Frontal Bone View

OML Perpendicular | CR Exits Nasion | Shows Frontal Bone And Crista Galli


Caldwell Skull

PA Axial 15 Degrees

OML Perpendicular | CR 15 Degrees Caudal | Shows Orbital Margins And Frontal Sinuses


Towne Skull

AP Axial

OML Or IOML | CR 30 Degrees Caudal To OML | Shows Occipital Bone And Foramen Magnum


Lateral Skull

True Lateral

IPL Perpendicular | CR 2 Inches Above EAM | Shows Sella Turcica And Cranial Vault


Sinuses

Caldwell Sinuses

Frontal And Ethmoid

OML 15 Degrees From Horizontal | CR Exits Nasion | Shows Frontal And Ethmoid Sinuses


Waters Sinuses

Maxillary View

OML 37 Degrees | Chin On Table | CR Exits Acanthion | Shows Maxillary Sinuses


Lateral Sinuses

All Sinuses

IPL Perpendicular | CR To Outer Canthus | Shows All Four Sinus Groups


SMV Sinuses

Sphenoid View

IOML Parallel | CR Perpendicular To IOML | Shows Sphenoid And Ethmoid Sinuses


Facial Bones

Waters Facial Bones

Parietoacanthial

OML 37 Degrees | CR Exits Acanthion | Shows Maxilla Orbits And Zygomas


Caldwell Facial Bones

PA Axial

OML Perpendicular | CR 15 Degrees Caudal | Shows Orbital Margins And Nasal Bones


Lateral Facial Bones

True Lateral

IPL Perpendicular | CR To Zygoma | Shows Nasal Bones Maxilla And Mandible


SMV Facial Bones

Submentovertex

IOML Parallel | CR Perpendicular | Shows Zygomatic Arches And Mandible


Nasal Bones

Lateral Nasal Bones

Routine View

IPL Perpendicular | CR 1 2 Inch Below Nasion | Shows Nasal Bone And Soft Tissue


Waters Nasal Bones

Parietoacanthial

OML 37 Degrees | CR Exits Acanthion | Shows Nasal Septum And Maxilla


Zygomatic Arches

SMV Zygomatic Arches

Submentovertex

IOML Parallel | CR Perpendicular | Shows Bilateral Arches


Tangential Zygomatic Arch

One Arch

Head Rotated 15 Degrees Toward Side | CR To Arch | Shows Single Zygomatic Arch


Mandible

PA Mandible

Frontal View

OML Perpendicular | CR Exits Lips | Shows Rami And Body


Axiolateral Mandible

Oblique View

Head Rotated Toward IR | CR 25 Degrees Cephalad | Shows Ramus Body Or Mentum Depending On Rotation


SMV Mandible

Submentovertex

IOML Parallel | CR Perpendicular | Shows Mandibular Body And Rami


Orbits

Waters Orbits

Parietoacanthial

OML 37 Degrees | CR Exits Acanthion | Shows Orbital Floors


Caldwell Orbits

PA Axial

OML Perpendicular | CR 15 Degrees Caudal | Shows Orbital Rims


Lateral Orbits

True Lateral

IPL Perpendicular | CR To Outer Canthus | Shows Orbital Walls


Terminology

OML

Orbitomeatal Line | Used For Skull And Facial Bones

IOML

Infraorbitomeatal Line | Used For SMV And Towne

IPL

Inter Pupillary Line | Must Be Perpendicular For Laterals

Waters Position

Chin Extended | OML 37 Degrees | Opens Maxillary Sinuses

SMV

Submentovertex | Shows Base Of Skull And Zygomatic Arches