Mammography is a specialized breast imaging technique that uses low‑dose X‑rays to detect early signs of breast cancer, often years before symptoms appear. It is the gold standard for breast cancer screening and plays a critical role in reducing mortality.
Modern mammography includes full‑field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (3D mammography), and contrast‑enhanced mammography.
Mammography uses low‑dose X‑rays to create detailed images of breast tissue. Compression is applied to reduce motion, improve image sharpness, and minimize radiation dose.
Digital mammography allows image manipulation, magnification, and enhanced contrast, improving detection of microcalcifications and subtle lesions.
3D mammography (tomosynthesis) acquires multiple images from different angles, reducing tissue overlap and increasing cancer detection rates, especially in dense breasts.
Source: American College of Radiology
Mammography is the most effective screening tool for early breast cancer detection. It identifies masses, calcifications, architectural distortions, and asymmetries that may indicate malignancy.
Diagnostic mammography evaluates symptoms such as lumps, nipple discharge, or skin changes. It is also used for follow‑up after abnormal screenings and for surgical planning.
Advanced techniques like tomosynthesis and contrast‑enhanced mammography improve lesion characterization and reduce false positives.
Source: Radiological Society of North America
2D Digital Mammography
3D Tomosynthesis
Contrast‑Enhanced Mammography
Low dose per exam
3D slightly higher
Optimized with AEC
Screening
Diagnostic evaluation
Post‑treatment monitoring
Source: ACR
Facilities must comply with the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA), ensuring proper equipment performance, technologist competency, and image quality.
Quality control includes daily, weekly, and monthly tests, phantom imaging, and dose monitoring.
Source: FDA MQSA Program
Does mammography hurt? Compression may be uncomfortable but lasts only seconds.
When should screening begin? Most guidelines recommend annual screening starting at age 40.
Is mammography safe? Yes. Radiation doses are low and tightly regulated.
Source: RSNA
Mammography technologists require training in breast anatomy, positioning, compression techniques, radiation safety, and patient communication.
Certification is available through ARRT post‑primary pathways.
Source: ASRT