Moniz in Lisbon
António Egas Moniz performed early cerebral angiography in the 1920s in Lisbon and his technique of injecting contrast into cerebral vessels to visualize vascular anatomy and displacement by lesions opened a new era in neuroimaging and provided a method to localize intracranial pathology and to guide neurosurgical planning
Evolution to Neurointervention
Cerebral angiography evolved from a diagnostic tool into a platform for endovascular treatment and over subsequent decades catheter based techniques enabled treatment of aneurysms arteriovenous malformations and acute ischemic stroke and the development of safer contrast agents imaging guidance and device technology transformed neurovascular care
Historical Context and Ethical Reflection
Moniz’s era included other controversial interventions and his legacy is complex and debated and the history of cerebral angiography illustrates how diagnostic innovation can rapidly change clinical practice while also raising ethical and safety questions that require multidisciplinary oversight