Adoption of Intraoperative Fluoroscopy and Ultrasound
Surgeons adopted intraoperative imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy and ultrasound to improve localization and to verify resection margins and these tools provided immediate feedback and reduced the need for reoperation
Integration of Intraoperative CT and MRI
Later integration of intraoperative CT and MRI provided higher resolution anatomic confirmation and enabled image guided navigation systems that improved accuracy for tumor resection and for functional preservation
Workflow and Team Collaboration
Intraoperative imaging required coordination between surgical radiology and anesthesia teams and development of sterile workflows and specialized equipment which together improved surgical outcomes and expanded possibilities for minimally invasive procedures